Abstract Sago starch can be processed into flour and used as an alternative food ingredient to replace wheat flour. The lack of innovation in sago products is due to the very low protein and fat content of sago. Increasing the nutritional value of sago can be done by fortifying anchovies as a source of protein. This study was conducted to determine the effect of anchovy flour fortification on the physical, chemical, and sensory qualities of noodles. The study used a one-factor Completely Randomized Design. The results showed that with increased fortification of anchovy meal, the nutritional content of protein, fat, and noodle ash increased significantly. Rehydration power 34% to 52%, color intensity L* 42,87 to 55,70; redness a+ 1,91 to 2,85; and b+ yellowish 7,19 to 10,39, elongation 214,81 to 294,93. The composition of noodles with 9% anchovy flour fortification can be used to increase the nutritional content of noodles with physical and chemical characteristics, namely 4,08% protein content, 0,38% fat content, and 3,11% ash content. The sensory quality of noodle texture was 3,94; taste 3,32; and fragrance 4,66.

Abstract Rowe luwa is a traditional porridge from Southwest Sumba, Indonesia, made from the steamed pulp cassava leaves pounded together with rice. This study examined the effect of pre-gelatinization temperature on the physical quality and nutritional content of instant rowe luwa porridge. The experimental design used in this study was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with pre-gelatinization temperature factors, viz., 60 °C (X1), 65 °C (X2), 70 °C (X3), 75 °C (X4) and 80 °C (X5). Physical properties were measured by analyzing color, viscosity, rehydration, and syneresis, while for nutritional compositions, water content, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrate, and energy were evaluated. The simple linear regression was employed to examine the correlation between pre-gelatinization temperature and physical properties or nutritional composition. The results showed that the pre-gelatinization temperature correlated with physical properties, such as: viscosity (r = 0.9924), rehydration (r = 0.807) and syneresis (r = 0.841). Furthermore, the pre-gelatinized temperature significantly affected protein and carbohydrate contents (p < 0.05), while the moisture, ash, and fat contents showed negligible effect (p > 0.05). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that instant rowe luwa porridge prepared with the pre-gelatinization temperature of 80 °C (object X5) had the highest viscosity, rehydration, syneresis, and protein contents compared to the other cooking temperatures. These preliminary data are useful for further research to determine the method and optimization formula of the instant rowe luwa porridge.

Resumo Rowe luwa é um mingau tradicional do sudoeste de Sumba, na Indonésia, feito de polpa cozida no vapor de folhas de mandioca triturada junto com arroz. Neste estudo, o efeito da temperatura de pré-gelatinização sobre a qualidade física e o conteúdo nutricional do mingau instantâneo de rowe luwa foi examinado. O desenho experimental utilizado neste estudo foi um desenho completamente aleatório (CRD) com fatores de temperatura de pré-gelatinização, viz., 60 °C (X1), 65 °C (X2), 70 °C (X3), 75 °C ( X4) e 80 °C (X5). As propriedades físicas foram medidas através da análise de cor, viscosidade, reidratação e sinérese, enquanto que, para as composições nutricionais, foram avaliados os teores de água, cinzas, gordura, proteína, carboidrato e valor calórico. A regressão linear simples foi empregada para examinar a correlação entre a temperatura de pré-gelatinização e as propriedades físicas ou a composição nutricional. Os resultados mostraram que a temperatura de pré-gelatinização apresenta correlação com propriedades físicas, tais como: viscosidade (r = 0,9924), reidratação (r = 0,807) e sinérese (r = 0,841). Além disso, a temperatura de pré-gelatinização afetou significativamente os teores de proteínas e carboidratos (p< 0,05), enquanto que, para os teores de umidade, cinzas e gordura, apresentou efeito desprezível (p > 0,05). A análise de componentes principais (PCA) mostrou que o mingau instantâneo de rowe luwa com a temperatura de pré-gelatinização de 80 °C (objeto X5) apresentou os maiores valores de viscosidade, reidratação, sinérese e conteúdo de proteína, em comparação com as outras temperaturas de cozimento estudadas. Estes dados preliminares são úteis para pesquisas futuras para determinar o método de preparação e a fórmulação otimizada do mingau instantâneo de rowe luwa.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and mineral contents of dried extract of Averrhoa bilimbi and its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Dried extracts leaves powder of A. bilimbi were analysed for its physicochemical properties and mineral compositions. The antioxidant and antibacterial capacities of extracts were determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the disc diffusion method respectively. The functional groups from active compounds were identified by Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR). Physicochemical characteristics of A. bilimbi dried extracts, including pH and total acids dissolved in water and ethanol solvents, showed negligible differences. The dried leaves powder of A. bilimbi was rich in carbohydrate, protein, and ash contents. It also exhibited essential minerals in which potassium was the highest content. Compared to water, ethanol extract showed more scavenging property against DPPH (82.82 mg GAE/ g DW) and gave a more inhibitory effect on the growth of Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The FTIR spectra showed phenolic compounds might be associated with the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of this extract. A. Bilimbi leaves are promising a source for the development of functional food to prevent diseases related to stress oxidative and bacterial infections.

RESUMO Tridax procumbens é uma erva daninha invasiva com forte atividade alelopática. Objetivou-se avaliar a contribuição de ácidos fenólicos e dimetilsulfona para a alelopatia de T. procumbens contra Raphanus sativus. Ácidos fenólicos (benzoico, elágico e ferúlico), vanilina e dimetilsulfona foram identificados e quantificados a partir da fração mais forte de T. procumbens, em ensaio alelopático por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e cromatografia gasosa - espectrometria de massa. A contribuição dos ácidos fenólicos e dimetilsulfona para a alelopatia de T. procumbens, expressa como atividade total, foi avaliada comparando-se o valor de IC50 com a concentração de cada aleloquímico, em delineamento completamente randomizado. O ácido benzoico apresentou o maior efeito inibitório (115 mg kg-1) e a maior contribuição (0,483) para o efeito alelopático de T. procumbens, seguido por vanilina, dimetilsulfona e ácido ferúlico.

ABSTRACT Tridax procumbens is an invasive weed with a strong allelopathic activity. In this study, the contribution of phenolic acids and dimethyl sulfone to the allelopathic effect of T. procumbens was evaluated against Raphanus sativus. Phenolic acids (benzoic, ellagic and ferulic), vanillin and dimethyl sulfone were identified and quantified from the strongest fraction of T. procumbens, in an allelopathic assay by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. The contribution of phenolic acids and dimethyl sulfone to the allelopathic effect of T. procumbens, expressed as a total activity, was evaluated by comparing the IC50 value to the concentration of each allelochemical, in a completely randomized design. The benzoic acid presented the strongest inhibitory effect (115 mg kg-1) and the highest contribution (0.483) to the allelopathic effect of T. procumbens, followed by vanillin, dimethyl sulfone and ferulic acid.